"""
A set of visualization functions based on matplotlib.pyplot which are generally
useful for S/TEM data visualization.
"""
import numpy as np
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
from matplotlib import colors
import ncempy.algo
from ncempy.algo.distortion import rad_dis
[docs]def imsd(im, vmin=-2, vmax=2, **kwargs):
"""Show an array as an image with intensities compared to the standard deviation of the data. Other
keyword args are passed to pyplot.imshow(). vmin and vmax are by default set to -2 and 2 respectively
which are usually good values to set for S/TEM data.
Parameters
----------
im : np.ndarray
The image to show.
vmin, vmax : float, default = -2, 2
The vmin and vmax values to pass to imshow.
Returns
-------
: matplotlib.pyplot.Figure
The handle to the created figure
"""
fg, ax = plt.subplots(1, 1)
im2 = im - im.mean()
im3 = im2 / np.std(im2)
imax = ax.imshow(im3, vmin=vmin, vmax=vmax, **kwargs)
return imax
[docs]def im_calibrated(im, d):
""" Plot an image calibrated using the pixel size d. The centers of the pixels will be the
the center of each measurement. So, if you plot positions in real coordinates the points
will be plotted in the center of the pixel.
Parameters
---------
im : np.ndarray
The image to show using imshow
d : float
The pixel size in both directions. The pixel size must be isotropic.
Returns
-------
: pyplot.figure
The figure containing the plot
"""
# The default extent is calculated like this:
ext = [-0.5, im.shape[1] - 0.5, im.shape[0] - 0.5, -0.5]
# Calibrate the extent
ext = [ii * d for ii in ext]
fg, ax = plt.subplots(1, 1)
ax.imshow(im, extent=ext)
return fg
[docs]def imfft(im, d=1.0, ax=None):
""" Show a 2D FFT as a diffractogram with log scaling applied and zero frequency
fftshifted tp the center. A new figure is created or an axis can be specified.
The diffracotgram is calculated from the original intensities (I) as
.. math::
1 + 0.001 * I ^2
Parameters
----------
im: np.ndarray
The 2D fft of the diffraction pattern to display as a diffractogram
d: float, optional, default = 1.0
The real space pixel size of the image used to get the FFT
ax: pyplot axis, optional
An axis to plot into.
Returns
-------
: matplotlib.image.AxesImage
The AxesImage that contains the image displayed.
Example
-------
This example shows how to display a 2D ndarray (image) as a
diffractogram. The image has a real space pixel size of 0.1 nanometer.
>> imageFFT = np.fft.fft2(im)
>> ncempy.viz.imfft(imageFFT, d = 0.1)
"""
fftFreq0 = np.fft.fftshift(np.fft.fftfreq(im.shape[0], d))
fftFreq1 = np.fft.fftshift(np.fft.fftfreq(im.shape[1], d))
if ax is None:
fg, ax = plt.subplots(1, 1)
imax = ax.imshow(np.fft.fftshift(np.abs(im) ** 2),
extent=(fftFreq0[0], fftFreq0[-1], fftFreq1[-1], fftFreq1[0]), norm=colors.LogNorm())
return imax
[docs]def imrfft(im, d=1.0, ax=None):
"""Show a 2D rFFT (real FFT) as a diffractogram with log scaling applied
and fftshift-ed along axis 0. See imfft for full details.
Parameters
----------
im : ndarray
The 2D fft of the diffraction pattern to display as a diffractogram
d : float, optional, default = 1.0
The real space pixel size of the image used to get the FFT
ax : pyplot axis, optional
An axis to plot into.
Returns
-------
: matplotlib.image.AxesImage
The AxesImage that contains the image displayed.
"""
fftFreq1 = np.fft.fftshift(np.fft.fftfreq(im.shape[1], d))
fftFreq0 = np.fft.rfftfreq(im.shape[0], d)
if ax is None:
fg, ax = plt.subplots(1, 1)
axim = ax.imshow(np.fft.fftshift(np.abs(im) ** 2), axes=0,
extent=(fftFreq0[0], fftFreq0[-1], fftFreq1[-1], fftFreq1[0]), norm=colors.LogNorm())
return axim
[docs]def im_and_fft(im, d=1.0, fft=None):
""" Show the image and its fft side by side. Uses imfft to show the fft.
Parameters
----------
im : np.ndarray
The image to show in both real and FFT space
d : float
The pixel spacing
fft : np.ndarray, optional
The FFT to display. If not provided then np.fft.fft2 is used.
Returns
-------
: plt.figure
The matplotlib.pyplot figure
"""
fg, ax = plt.subplots(1, 2)
ax[0].imshow(im)
if not fft:
fft = np.fft.fft2(im)
imfft(fft, d=d, ax=ax[1])
[docs]class stack_view:
"""
Class to allow a volume to be scrubbed through with a matplotlib slider widget.
The first axis of the volume is the slicing axis. Other keyword args are passed
directly to imshow upon the figure creation.
Parameters
----------
stack : numpy.ndarray, 3D stack
The stack of to show as images
**kwargs :
Passed directly to pyplot.imshow()
"""
def __init__(self, stack, **kwargs):
from matplotlib.widgets import Slider
if stack.ndim != 3:
raise Exception('Must be three-dimensional stack of images.')
self.fig, self.ax = plt.subplots()
plt.subplots_adjust(left=0.25, bottom=0.25)
self._st = stack # internal reference to the stack
# Initialize the imshow axis
self.im0 = int(self._st.shape[0] / 2) # initial slice to show
self.axI = self.ax.imshow(stack[self.im0, :, :], **kwargs)
# Setup the slider
ax_color = 'lightgoldenrodyellow'
self.axSlider = plt.axes([0.25, 0.1, 0.65, 0.03], facecolor=ax_color)
self.sl = Slider(self.axSlider, 'Slice', 0, self._st.shape[0] - 1, valinit=self.im0, valfmt='%1.f')
self.sl.on_changed(self._update)
plt.show()
def _update(self, val):
num = self.sl.val
self.axI.set_data(self._st[int(round(num)), :, :])
self.fig.canvas.draw_idle()
[docs]def plot_ringpolar(points, dims, show=False):
"""Plot points in polar coordinate system.
Parameters
----------
points : np.ndarray
Positions in polar coords.
dims : tuple
Dimension information to plot labels.
show : bool
Set to directly show plot in interactive mode.
Returns
-------
: numpy.ndarray
Image of the plot.
"""
try:
# try to convert input to np.ndarray with 2 columns (necessary if only one entry provided)
points = np.reshape(np.array(points), (-1, 2))
# check if enough dims available
assert (len(dims) >= 2)
assert (len(dims[0]) == 3)
except:
raise TypeError('Something wrong with the input!')
fig = plt.figure()
ax = fig.add_subplot(111)
# mean value as line
ax.axhline(np.mean(points[:, 0]), ls='--', c='k')
# points
ax.plot(points[:, 1], points[:, 0], 'rx')
# labels
ax.set_xlabel('theta /[rad]')
ax.set_xlim((-np.pi, np.pi))
ax.set_ylabel('r /{}'.format(dims[0][2]))
if show:
plt.show(block=False)
# render to array
fig.canvas.draw()
plot = np.fromstring(fig.canvas.tostring_rgb(), dtype=np.uint8, sep='')
plot = plot.reshape(fig.canvas.get_width_height()[::-1] + (3,))
return plot
[docs]def plot_distpolar(points, dims, dists, ns, show=False):
"""Plot the results of distortion fitting in polar coordinates.
Parameters
----------
points : np.ndarray
Points in polar coords.
dims : tuple
Dimensions, necessary to have unit information.
dists : np.ndarray
Results of dist fitting, length according to ns.
ns : list
List of used orders.
show : bool
Set to directly show the plot in interactive mode.
Returns
-------
: np.ndarray
Image of the plot.
"""
try:
# check points
assert (isinstance(points, np.ndarray))
assert (points.shape[1] == 2)
# check if enough dims available
assert (len(dims) >= 2)
assert (len(dims[0]) == 3)
# check orders
assert (len(ns) >= 1)
# check dists
assert (dists.shape[0] == len(ns) * 2 + 1)
except:
raise TypeError('Something wrong with the input!')
fig = plt.figure()
ax = fig.add_subplot(111)
# stuff from the single orders
ax.axhline(dists[0], ls='--', c='k')
xpl_ell = np.linspace(-np.pi, np.pi, 100)
for i in range(len(ns)):
plt.plot(xpl_ell, dists[0] * rad_dis(xpl_ell, dists[i * 2 + 1], dists[i * 2 + 2], ns[i]), 'm--')
# points before
ax.plot(points[:, 1], points[:, 0], 'rx')
# sum of all distorts
sum_dists = np.ones(xpl_ell.shape) * dists[0]
for i in range(len(ns)):
sum_dists *= rad_dis(xpl_ell, dists[i * 2 + 1], dists[i * 2 + 2], ns[i])
plt.plot(xpl_ell, sum_dists, 'b-')
# points after
points_corr = np.copy(points)
for i in range(len(ns)):
points_corr[:, 0] /= rad_dis(points[:, 1], dists[i * 2 + 1], dists[i * 2 + 2], ns[i])
plt.plot(points_corr[:, 1], points_corr[:, 0], 'gx')
# labels
ax.set_xlabel('theta /[rad]')
ax.set_xlim((-np.pi, np.pi))
ax.set_ylabel('r /{}'.format(dims[0][2]))
if show:
plt.show(block=False)
# render to array
fig.canvas.draw()
plot = np.fromstring(fig.canvas.tostring_rgb(), dtype=np.uint8, sep='')
plot = plot.reshape(fig.canvas.get_width_height()[::-1] + (3,))
return plot
[docs]def plot_points(img, points, vminmax=(0, 1), dims=None, invert=False, show=False):
"""Plot the detected points on the input image for checking.
Parameters
----------
img : np.ndarray
Image.
points : np.ndarray
Array containing the points.
vminmax : tuple
Tuple of two values for relative lower and upper cut off to display image.
dims : tuple
Tuple of dims to plot in dimensions.
invert : bool
Set to invert the image.
show : bool
Set to directly show the plot interactively.
Returns
-------
: np.ndarray
Image of the plot.
"""
try:
assert (isinstance(img, np.ndarray))
assert (isinstance(points, np.ndarray))
assert (points.shape[1] == 2)
assert (len(points.shape) == 2)
except:
raise TypeError('Something wrong with the input!')
fig = plt.figure()
ax = fig.add_subplot(111)
if invert:
cmap = "Greys"
else:
cmap = "gray"
if dims:
ax.imshow(img, cmap=cmap, vmin=np.min(img) + vminmax[0] * (np.max(img) - np.min(img)),
vmax=np.min(img) + vminmax[1] * (np.max(img) - np.min(img)),
extent=(np.min(dims[0][0]), np.max(dims[0][0]), np.max(dims[1][0]), np.min(dims[1][0])))
ax.set_xlabel('{} {}'.format(dims[0][1], dims[0][2]))
ax.set_ylabel('{} {}'.format(dims[1][1], dims[1][2]))
ax.set_xlim((np.min(dims[0][0]), np.max(dims[0][0])))
ax.set_ylim((np.max(dims[1][0]), np.min(dims[1][0])))
else:
ax.imshow(img, cmap=cmap, vmin=np.min(img) + vminmax[0] * (np.max(img) - np.min(img)),
vmax=np.min(img) + vminmax[1] * (np.max(img) - np.min(img)))
ax.set_xlim((0, img.shape[1] - 1))
ax.set_ylim((img.shape[0] - 1, 0))
ax.scatter(points[:, 1], points[:, 0], color='r', marker='o', facecolors='none')
if show:
try:
plt.show(block=False)
except:
pass
fig.canvas.draw()
plot = np.fromstring(fig.canvas.tostring_rgb(), dtype=np.uint8, sep='')
plot = plot.reshape(fig.canvas.get_width_height()[::-1] + (3,))
return plot
[docs]def plot_radialprofile(r, intens, dims, show=False):
"""Plot radial profile.
Parameters
----------
r : np.ndarray
r-axis of radial profile.
intens : np.ndarray
Intensity-axis of radial profile.
dims : tuple
Dimensions of original image to read out units.
show : bool
Set to directly show plot interactively.
Returns
-------
: np.ndarray
Image of the plot.
"""
try:
# check data
assert (isinstance(r, np.ndarray))
assert (isinstance(intens, np.ndarray))
assert (np.array_equal(r.shape, intens.shape))
# check if dims available
assert (len(dims) >= 1)
assert (len(dims[0]) == 3)
except:
raise TypeError('Something wrong with the input!')
fig = plt.figure()
ax = fig.add_subplot(111)
ax.plot(r, intens, 'r-')
# labels
ax.set_xlabel('r /{}'.format(dims[0][2]))
ax.set_ylabel('I /[a.u.]')
if show:
plt.show(block=False)
# render to array
fig.canvas.draw()
plot = np.fromstring(fig.canvas.tostring_rgb(), dtype=np.uint8, sep='')
plot = plot.reshape(fig.canvas.get_width_height()[::-1] + (3,))
return plot
[docs]def plot_fit(r, intens, dims, funcs, param, show=False):
"""Plot the fit results to the radial profile.
Parameters
----------
r : np.ndarray
r-axis of radial profile.
intens : np.ndarray
Intensity-axis of radial profile.
dims : tuple
Dimensions of original image to read out units.
funcs : tuple
List of functions.
param : np.ndarray
Parameters for functions in funcs.
show : bool
Set to directly show plot interactively.
Returns
-------
: np.ndarray
Image of the plot.
"""
try:
# check data
assert (isinstance(r, np.ndarray))
assert (isinstance(intens, np.ndarray))
assert (np.array_equal(r.shape, intens.shape))
# check if dims available
assert (len(dims) >= 1)
assert (len(dims[0]) == 3)
# funcs and params
assert (len(funcs) >= 1)
for i in range(len(funcs)):
assert (funcs[i] in ncempy.algo.math.lkp_funcs)
param = np.array(param)
param = np.reshape(param, sum(map(lambda x: ncempy.algo.math.lkp_funcs[x][1], funcs)))
except:
raise TypeError('Something wrong with the input!')
fig = plt.figure()
ax = fig.add_subplot(111)
# plot radial profile
ax.plot(r, intens, 'r-')
# plot single
n = 0
for i in range(len(funcs)):
ax.plot(r, ncempy.algo.math.lkp_funcs[funcs[i]][0](r, param[n:n + ncempy.algo.math.lkp_funcs[funcs[i]][1]]),
'g-')
n += ncempy.algo.math.lkp_funcs[funcs[i]][1]
# sum of functions
sum_funcs = ncempy.algo.math.sum_functions(r, funcs, param)
ax.plot(r, sum_funcs, 'b-')
# labels
ax.set_xlabel('r /{}'.format(dims[0][2]))
ax.set_ylabel('I /[a.u.]')
if show:
plt.show(block=False)
# render to array
fig.canvas.draw()
plot = np.fromstring(fig.canvas.tostring_rgb(), dtype=np.uint8, sep='')
plot = plot.reshape(fig.canvas.get_width_height()[::-1] + (3,))
return plot